In Thai mythology, Naga (พญานาค) represents a legendary serpent-like creature, revered and feared for its mystical powers. These majestic beings, adorned with shimmering scales, have been intertwined with the cultural fabric of Thailand and its neighboring countries for centuries. Nagas are known for their immense strength, ability to shapeshift, and venom so potent that it can even kill deities.
The origins of Naga trace back to Indian mythology, introduced to Southeast Asia through religious and cultural exchanges. They became a central figure in Thai folklore, symbolizing both protection and destruction, and are often depicted as guardians of rivers, temples, and treasures.
In the Tribhum Phra Ruang, an ancient Thai cosmological text, Nagas are categorized into four major lineages, each distinguished by the color of their scales: gold, green, multicolored, and black. These lineages not only differ in appearance but also in their origins, abilities, and dispositions.

1. Viroopaksa (วิรูปักษ์) – The Golden Nagas
The Viroopaksa lineage is the most powerful and revered among the Nagas. They possess golden scales that glisten like sunlight and are considered semi-divine beings. All Viroopaksa Nagas are said to be born through opapatika, a miraculous birth where they appear fully formed, often descending from the heavens amidst storms and lightning.
These celestial Nagas reside in the heavenly realms, living in opulent palaces akin to those of angels and gods. Their wisdom and magical prowess make them leaders among Nagas, often serving as intermediaries between the divine and mortal worlds.

2. Chappaya Putta (ฉัพพยาปุตตะ) – The Rainbow Nagas
The rarest and most enigmatic lineage, Chappaya Putta Nagas are adorned with iridescent scales that shimmer in hues of the rainbow. They are a symbol of beauty and rarity, often appearing only during moments of great significance, accompanied by rain and rainbows.
These Nagas are born through chalaputta, a human-like birth process where they are carried and born from a mother. This lineage is believed to house souls who have accumulated great merit in past lives. Their purpose often transcends earthly concerns, focusing on spiritual pursuits and meditation.
Legends suggest that Chappaya Putta Nagas are deeply connected to rain and fertility, blessing lands with prosperity when they emerge from their hidden sanctuaries.

3. Kanhakotama (กัณหาโคตมะ) – The Black Nagas
The Kanhakotama lineage is renowned for its unparalleled strength and combat prowess. With dark, obsidian-like scales, these Nagas exude an aura of intimidation and power. They are born through sangsetaja, emerging from sweat or moisture, a form of birth associated with primal energy and raw strength.
Despite their lowly origins, Kanhakotama Nagas are fierce warriors, often taking center stage in myths involving battles. They are known for their temperamental and aggressive nature but can achieve extraordinary power if born through higher means, such as opapatika.
One of the most famous legends speaks of Saen Sirichantranakaraj, a black Naga born through opapatika, who possessed enough power to rival even the mighty Garuda, the eternal nemesis of the Nagas.

4. Aerapata (เอราปถะ) – The Green Nagas
Aerapata Nagas, with their vibrant green scales, are the most familiar to humans. They are often depicted as guardians of rivers and temples and are deeply rooted in Thai folklore. These Nagas are born through andaja, the process of hatching from eggs, symbolizing their connection to nature and the earthly realm.
Known for their expertise in venom, they are both protectors and warriors. Many tales recount Aerapata Nagas disguising themselves as humans to interact with mortals, forming bonds of love and loyalty. Their proximity to humans has made them the face of Naga imagery in Thai art and culture, particularly in temple architecture.

Nagas in Thai Culture
Nagas are much more than mythical creatures in Thai culture; they are spiritual guardians and symbols of protection, fertility, and transformation. They are often associated with the Mekong River, believed to dwell in its depths, and are celebrated in festivals like the Naga Fireball phenomenon.
From the shimmering gold of Viroopaksa to the enigmatic beauty of Chappaya Putta, each lineage carries its own lore and significance, painting a vivid tapestry of Thai mythology. These tales remind us of the enduring connection between the natural, human, and divine realms, bridged by the awe-inspiring Nagas.